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A ortodoxia, no final das contas prevaleceu. O futebol internacional talvez sempre tenha uma sensação um pouco retro com suas ⭕️ equipes de peças incompatíveis; as estruturas básicas prementes e a predominância dos jogos decidido não por planos tático ou mesmo ⭕️ capacidade mas pelo desejo humano da paixão fazendo exatamente aquilo que é certo na hora certa: É provavelmente mais heroico ⭕️ do jogo – mundo cassino ao vivo bac bo qual ainda há lugar para os campeões superarem à análise tecnocratica

E há pouco mais retro ⭕️ do que a tática, cassino ao vivo bac bo extremis de jogar um homem grande. Para Ronald Koeman como para Louis van Gaal ⭕️ antes dele quando existe uma situação difícil na Holanda e o ponto da defesa deles é facilmente atingido por Wout ⭕️ Weghorst; O atacante Burnley pode não ser ideia Cruyffiana sobre os jogadores totais no futebol austríaco mas esta foi apenas ⭕️ cassino ao vivo bac boprimeira vez com este jogo ao redor dos Países Baixos depois das partidas realizadas pelo seu país (o).

A Turquia ⭕️ estava envolvida nos dois melhores jogos do torneio até agora e, assim como essa vitória sobre o lado de Ralf ⭕️ Rangnick salvou uma ameaça não descrita cassino ao vivo bac bo grande parte dos últimos 16 anos. Assim sendo depois das três quartas-de final ⭕️ que foram mais altas no drama da cena golemouth houve um requisito para eles resgatarem os oito anteriores E quase ⭕️ conseguiram fazer isso Em mundo onde a ortodoxa é aquela vez se você sentar fundo ou pressionar alto quando há ⭕️ necessidade longa

Há algo estranhamente anacrônico sobre o gerente turco Vincenzo Montella. Ele tem um olhar de alguém da Eurovisão dos ⭕️ anos 1970 relatando os resultados do júri cassino ao vivo bac bo país mediterrâneo, ecassino ao vivo bac boabordagem tática parece semelhante à outra idade ⭕️ seu lado Fiorentina muitas vezes jogava com três ou ocasionalmente quatro meio-campistas altamente técnicos que evitavam ser detentores nem pressionarem; ⭕️ enquanto essa Turquia não está tão enraizada na técnica quanto isso eles são igualmente uma equipe

Nos períodos cassino ao vivo bac bo que a ⭕️ Turquia está sob pressão, isso claramente ajudou o país ter um extraordinário apoio barulhento e apaixonado.

Mais de 200.000 pessoas, provenientes ⭕️ da Turquia vivem cassino ao vivo bac bo Berlim e são o maior assentamento turco fora do país. Em torno Kottbusser Tor as barracas ⭕️ das ruas vendiam bandeira turca ou camisa na cidade

O apoio turco foi alto, mas desta vezcassino ao vivo bac boequipe não conseguiu ⭕️ se segurar.


cassino ao vivo bac bo
: Clemens Bilan/EPA

No estádio, isso tinha a sensação de um jogo cassino ao vivo bac bo casa na Turquia. Embora houvesse uma grande ⭕️ varredura da laranja pelo menos três quartos do Estádio era branco e vermelho qualquer período vagamente prolongado que levava ⭕️ à posse holandesa levou aos assobios cacofonosos por causa das marés - cada tackle turco todo passe foi comemorado com ⭕️ muita alegria; todos os desafios holandeses provocaram uivoes incrédulo-de fúria: A natureza dos seus objetivos é o mesmo arque delicioso ⭕️ antes deste final se sentir vários

Mas como na última rodada, uma primeira metade cassino ao vivo bac bo que eles levaram o jogo para ⭕️ seus adversários rendeu a um segundo semestre no qual caíram mais fundo. Em relação à Áustria Turquia defendeu estreitas ⭕️ e cedeu os flancos; apoiou-se de limpar as cruzes ou pelo menos ficar atrapalhando qualquer esforço sobre golo resultante - ⭕️ mas você não pode permitir ao time cruzar comcassino ao vivo bac bobola até Weghorst

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Wout Weghorst

A ⭕️ conversa de um verão grande parecia prematura, já que Cristiano Ronaldo s vezes não se viam bem como os dois ⭕️ lados da competição. Nicla'S F’llkrug e Michael Gregoritsch demonstraram o quão eficazes ainda podem ser!

Há uma razão pela qual a ⭕️ compactação é elogiada, um motivo pelo que se tornou o padrão. Contra Áustria Turquia foi capaz de montar na ⭕️ onda emocional mas aqui foram seus oponentes fazendo os blocos desesperados Bart Verbruggen produzindo surpreendente reflexo salvo cassino ao vivo bac bo tempo-lesão com ⭕️ cabeçalho próximo do alcance

Foi divertido enquanto durou e a Alemanha não esquecerá o barulho dos fãs da Turquia, mas no ⭕️ final ganhou. Weghorst cria caos de alguma forma ele reforça seu reinado normalidade ao fazê-lo!

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    The closest form of body surfing using a board is a handboard 3️⃣ which normally has one strap over it to fit on one hand.

    Three major subdivisions within stand-up surfing are stand-up paddling, 3️⃣ long boarding and short boarding with several major differences including the board design and length, the riding style and the 3️⃣ kind of wave that is ridden.

    In tow-in surfing (most often, but not exclusively, associated with big wave surfing), a motorized 3️⃣ water vehicle such as a personal watercraft, tows the surfer into the wave front, helping the surfer match a large 3️⃣ wave's speed, which is generally a higher speed than a self-propelled surfer can produce.

    Surfing-related sports such as paddle boarding and 3️⃣ sea kayaking that are self-propelled by hand paddles do not require waves, and other derivative sports such as kite surfing 3️⃣ and windsurfing rely primarily on wind for power, yet all of these platforms may also be used to ride waves.

    Recently 3️⃣ with the use of V-drive boats,[clarification needed] Wakesurfing, in which one surfs on the wake of a boat, has emerged.

    [citation 3️⃣ needed] As of 2023, the Guinness Book of World Records recognized a 26.

    2 m (86 ft) wave ride by Sebastian 3️⃣ Steudtner at Nazaré, Portugal as the largest wave ever surfed.[1]

    During the winter season in the northern hemisphere, the North Shore 3️⃣ of Oahu, the third-largest island of Hawaii, is known for having some of the best waves in the world.

    Surfers from 3️⃣ around the world flock to breaks like Backdoor, Waimea Bay, and Pipeline.

    However, there are still many popular surf spots around 3️⃣ the world: Teahupo'o, located off the coast of Tahiti; Mavericks, California, United States; Cloudbreak, Tavarua Island, Fiji; Superbank, Gold Coast, 3️⃣ Australia.[2]

    In 2016 surfing was added by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as an Olympic sport to begin at the 2020 3️⃣ Summer Olympics in Japan.

    [3] The first gold medalists of the Tokyo 2020 surfing men and women's competitions were, respectively, the 3️⃣ Brazilian Ítalo Ferreira and the American from Hawaii, Carissa Moore.[4][5]

    Origins and history [ edit ]Peru [ edit ]

    About three to 3️⃣ five thousand years ago, cultures in ancient Peru fished in kayak-like watercraft (mochica) made of reeds that the fishermen surfed 3️⃣ back to shore.

    [6][7] The Moche culture used the caballito de totora (little horse of totora), with archaeological evidence showing its 3️⃣ use around 200 CE.

    [8] An early description of the Inca surfing in Callao was documented by Jesuit missionary José de 3️⃣ Acosta in his 1590 publication Historia natural y moral de las Indias, writing:[9]

    It is true to see them go fishing 3️⃣ in Callao de Lima, was for me a thing of great recreation, because there were many and each one in 3️⃣ a balsilla caballero, or sitting stubbornly cutting the waves of the sea, which is rough where they fish, they looked 3️⃣ like the Tritons, or Neptunes, who paint upon the water.

    Polynesia [ edit ]

    Hawaiians surfing, 1858

    In Polynesian culture, surfing was an 3️⃣ important activity.

    Modern surfing as we know it today is thought to have originated in Hawaii.

    The history of surfing dates to 3️⃣ c.

    AD 400 in Polynesia, where Polynesians began to make their way to the Hawaiian Islands from Tahiti and the Marquesas 3️⃣ Islands.

    They brought many of their customs with them including playing in the surf on Paipo (belly/body) boards.

    It was in Hawaii 3️⃣ that the art of standing and surfing upright on boards was invented.[10]

    Various European explorers witnessed surfing in Polynesia.

    Surfing may have 3️⃣ been observed by British explorers at Tahiti in 1767.

    Samuel Wallis and the crew members of HMS Dolphin were the first 3️⃣ Britons to visit the island in June of that year.

    Another candidate is the botanist Joseph Banks[11] who was part of 3️⃣ the first voyage of James Cook on HMS Endeavour, arriving on Tahiti on 10 April 1769.

    Lieutenant James King was the 3️⃣ first person to write about the art of surfing on Hawaii, when he was completing the journals of Captain James 3️⃣ Cook (upon Cook's death in 1779).

    In Herman Melville's 1849 novel Mardi, based on his experiences in Polynesia earlier that decade, 3️⃣ the narrator describes the "Rare Sport at Ohonoo" (title of chap.

    90): "For this sport, a surf-board is indispensable: some five 3️⃣ feet in length; the width of a man's body; convex on both sides; highly polished; and rounded at the ends.

    It 3️⃣ is held in high estimation; invariably oiled after use; and hung up conspicuously in the dwelling of the owner.

    "[12] When 3️⃣ Mark Twain visited Hawaii in 1866 he wrote, "In one place, we came upon a large company of naked natives 3️⃣ of both sexes and all ages, amusing themselves with the national pastime of surf-bathing."[13]

    References to surf riding on planks and 3️⃣ single canoe hulls are also verified for pre-contact Samoa, where surfing was called fa'ase'e or se'egalu (see Augustin Krämer, The 3️⃣ Samoa Islands[14]), and Tonga, far pre-dating the practice of surfing by Hawaiians and eastern Polynesians by over a thousand years.

    West 3️⃣ Africa [ edit ]West Africans (e.g.

    , Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Senegal) and western Central Africans (e.g.

    , Cameroon) independently developed the 3️⃣ skill of surfing.

    [15] Amid the 1640s CE, Michael Hemmersam provided an account of surfing in the Gold Coast: "the parents 3️⃣ 'tie their children to boards and throw them into the water.

    '"[15] In 1679 CE, Barbot provided an account of surfing 3️⃣ among Elmina children in Ghana: "children at Elmina learned "to swim, on bits of boards, or small bundles of rushes, 3️⃣ fasten'd under their stomachs, which is a good diversion to the spectators.

    "[15] James Alexander provided an account of surfing in 3️⃣ Accra, Ghana in 1834 CE: "From the beach, meanwhile, might be seen boys swimming into the sea, with light boards 3️⃣ under their stomachs.

    They waited for a surf; and came rolling like a cloud on top of it.

    But I was told 3️⃣ that sharks occasionally dart in behind the rocks and 'yam' them.

    "[15] Thomas Hutchinson provided an account of surfing in southern 3️⃣ Cameroon in 1861: "Fishermen rode small dugouts 'no more than six feet in length, fourteen to sixteen inches in width, 3️⃣ and from four to six inches in depth.

    '"[15]California [ edit ]

    A woman holding her surfboard about to surf in Morro 3️⃣ Bay, California

    In July 1885, three teenage Hawaiian princes took a break from their boarding school, St.

    Mathew's Hall in San Mateo, 3️⃣ and came to cool off in Santa Cruz, California.

    There, David Kawānanakoa, Edward Keliʻiahonui and Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole surfed the mouth 3️⃣ of the San Lorenzo River on custom-shaped redwood boards, according to surf historians Kim Stoner and Geoff Dunn.

    [16] In 1890, 3️⃣ the pioneer in agricultural education John Wrightson reputedly became the first British surfer when instructed by two Hawaiian students at 3️⃣ his college.[17][18][19]

    George Freeth (1883–1919) is often credited as being the "Father of Modern Surfing".

    He is thought to have been the 3️⃣ first modern surfer.[20]

    In 1907, the eclectic interests of the land baron Henry E.

    Huntington brought surfing to the California coast.

    While on 3️⃣ vacation, Huntington had seen Hawaiian boys surfing the island waves.

    Looking for a way to entice visitors to the area of 3️⃣ Redondo Beach, where he had heavily invested in real estate, he hired a young Hawaiian to ride surfboards.

    George Freeth decided 3️⃣ to revive the art of surfing, but had little success with the huge 500 cm (16 ft) hardwood boards that 3️⃣ were popular at that time.

    When he cut them in half to make them more manageable, he created the original "Long 3️⃣ board", which made him the talk of the islands.

    To the delight of visitors, Freeth exhibited his surfing skills twice a 3️⃣ day in front of the Hotel Redondo.

    Another native Hawaiian, Duke Kahanamoku, spread surfing to both the U.S.

    and Australia, riding the 3️⃣ waves after displaying the swimming prowess that won him Olympic gold medals in 1912 and 1920.[21]

    In 1975, a professional tour 3️⃣ started.

    [22] That year Margo Oberg became the first female professional surfer.

    [22]Surf waves [ edit ]

    Surfer getting tubed at Sunset on 3️⃣ the North Shore of Oahu

    A large wave breaking at Mavericks

    Swell is generated when the wind blows consistently over a large 3️⃣ space of open water, called the wind's fetch.

    The size of a swell is determined by the strength of the wind, 3️⃣ and the length of its fetch and duration.

    Because of these factors, the surf tends to be larger and more prevalent 3️⃣ on coastlines exposed to large expanses of ocean traversed by intense low pressure systems.

    Local wind conditions affect wave quality since 3️⃣ the surface of a wave can become choppy in blustery conditions.

    Ideal conditions include a light to moderate "offshore" wind, because 3️⃣ it blows into the front of the wave, making it a "barrel" or "tube" wave.

    Waves are left-handed and right-handed depending 3️⃣ upon the breaking formation of the wave.

    Waves are generally recognized by the surfaces over which they break.

    [23] For example, there 3️⃣ are beach breaks, reef breaks and point breaks.

    The most important influence on wave shape is the topography of the seabed 3️⃣ directly behind and immediately beneath the breaking wave.

    Each break is different since each location's underwater topography is unique.

    At beach breaks, 3️⃣ sandbanks change shape from week to week.

    Surf forecasting is aided by advances in information technology.

    Mathematical modeling graphically depicts the size 3️⃣ and direction of swells around the globe.

    Swell regularity varies across the globe and throughout the year.

    During winter, heavy swells are 3️⃣ generated in the mid-latitudes, when the North and South polar fronts shift toward the Equator.

    The predominantly Westerly winds generate swells 3️⃣ that advance Eastward, so waves tend to be largest on West coasts during winter months.

    However, an endless train of mid-latitude 3️⃣ cyclones cause the isobars to become undulated, redirecting swells at regular intervals toward the tropics.

    East coasts also receive heavy winter 3️⃣ swells when low-pressure cells form in the sub-tropics, where slow moving highs inhibit their movement.

    These lows produce a shorter fetch 3️⃣ than polar fronts, however, they can still generate heavy swells since their slower movement increases the duration of a particular 3️⃣ wind direction.

    The variables of fetch and duration both influence how long wind acts over a wave as it travels since 3️⃣ a wave reaching the end of a fetch behaves as if the wind died.

    During summer, heavy swells are generated when 3️⃣ cyclones form in the tropics.

    Tropical cyclones form over warm seas, so their occurrence is influenced by El Niño & La 3️⃣ Niña cycles.

    Their movements are unpredictable.

    Surf travel and some surf camps offer surfers access to remote, tropical locations, where tradewinds ensure 3️⃣ offshore conditions.

    Since winter swells are generated by mid-latitude cyclones, their regularity coincides with the passage of these lows.

    Swells arrive in 3️⃣ pulses, each lasting for a couple of days, with a few days between each swell.

    The availability of free model data 3️⃣ from the NOAA has allowed the creation of several surf forecasting websites.

    Tube shape and speed [ edit ]

    The geometry of 3️⃣ tube shape can be represented as a ratio between length and width.

    Tube shape is defined by length to width ratio.

    A 3️⃣ perfectly cylindrical vortex has a ratio of 1:1.

    Other forms include:Square: <1:1Round: 1-2:1Almond: >2:1

    Peel or peeling off as a descriptive term 3️⃣ for the quality of a break has been defined as "a fast, clean, evenly falling curl line, perfect for surfing, 3️⃣ and usually found at pointbreaks."[24]

    Tube speed is the rate of advance of the break along the length of the wave, 3️⃣ and is the speed at which the surfer must move along the wave to keep up with the advance of 3️⃣ the tube.

    [25] Tube speed can be described using the peel angle and wave celerity.

    Peel angle is the angle between the 3️⃣ wave front and the horizontal projection of the point of break over time, which in a regular break is most 3️⃣ easily represented by the line of white water left after the break.

    A break that closes out, or breaks all at 3️⃣ once along its length, leaves white water parallel to the wave front, and has a peel angle of 0°.

    This is 3️⃣ unsurfable as it would require infinite speed to progress along the face fast enough to keep up with the break.

    A 3️⃣ break which advances along the wave face more slowly will leave a line of new white water at an angle 3️⃣ to the line of the wave face.[25][26]

    V s = c s i n α {\displaystyle V_{s}={\frac {c}{sin\alpha }}} [25]Where:

    V s 3️⃣ = {\displaystyle V_{s}=} c = {\displaystyle c=} α = {\displaystyle \alpha =}

    In most cases a peel angle less than 25° 3️⃣ is too fast to surf.

    [25]Fast: 30°Medium: 45°Slow: 60°

    Wave intensity [ edit ]

    The type of break depends on shoaling rate.

    Breaking waves 3️⃣ can be classified as four basic types: spilling (ξ b <0.4), plunging (0.

    4<ξ b <2), collapsing (ξ b >2) and 3️⃣ surging (ξ b >2), and which type occurs depends on the slope of the bottom.[25]

    Waves suitable for surfing break as 3️⃣ spilling or plunging types, and when they also have a suitable peel angle, their value for surfing is enhanced.

    Other factors 3️⃣ such as wave height and period, and wind strength and direction can also influence steepness and intensity of the break, 3️⃣ but the major influence on the type and shape of breaking waves is determined by the slope of the seabed 3️⃣ before the break.

    The breaker type index and Iribarren number allow classification of breaker type as a function of wave steepness 3️⃣ and seabed slope.[25]

    Artificial reefs [ edit ]

    The value of good surf in attracting surf tourism has prompted the construction of 3️⃣ artificial reefs and sand bars.

    Artificial surfing reefs can be built with durable sandbags or concrete, and resemble a submerged breakwater.

    These 3️⃣ artificial reefs not only provide a surfing location, but also dissipate wave energy and shelter the coastline from erosion.

    Ships such 3️⃣ as Seli 1 that have accidentally stranded on sandy bottoms, can create sandbanks that give rise to good waves.[27]

    An artificial 3️⃣ reef known as Chevron Reef was constructed in El Segundo, California in hopes of creating a new surfing area.

    However, the 3️⃣ reef failed to produce any quality waves and was removed in 2008.

    In Kovalam, South West India, an artificial reef has 3️⃣ successfully provided the local community with a quality lefthander, stabilized coastal soil erosion, and provided good habitat for marine life.[28] 3️⃣ ASR Ltd.

    , a New Zealand-based company, constructed the Kovalam reef and is working on another reef in Boscombe, England.

    Artificial waves 3️⃣ [ edit ]

    Surfing a stationary, artificial wave in Southern California

    Even with artificial reefs in place, a tourist's vacation time may 3️⃣ coincide with a "flat spell", when no waves are available.

    Completely artificial wave pools aim to solve that problem by controlling 3️⃣ all the elements that go into creating perfect surf, however there are only a handful of wave pools that can 3️⃣ simulate good surfing waves, owing primarily to construction and operation costs and potential liability.

    Most wave pools generate waves that are 3️⃣ too small and lack the power necessary to surf.

    The Seagaia Ocean Dome, located in Miyazaki, Japan, was an example of 3️⃣ a surfable wave pool.

    Able to generate waves with up to 3 m (10 ft) faces, the specialized pump held water 3️⃣ in 20 vertical tanks positioned along the back edge of the pool.

    This allowed the waves to be directed as they 3️⃣ approach the artificial sea floor.

    Lefts, Rights, and A-frames could be directed from this pump design providing for rippable surf and 3️⃣ barrel rides.

    The Ocean Dome cost about $2 billion to build and was expensive to maintain.

    [29] The Ocean Dome was closed 3️⃣ in 2007.

    In England, construction is nearing completion on the Wave,[30] situated near Bristol, which will enable people unable to get 3️⃣ to the coast to enjoy the waves in a controlled environment, set in the heart of nature.

    There are two main 3️⃣ types of artificial waves that exist today.

    One being artificial or stationary waves which simulate a moving, breaking wave by pumping 3️⃣ a layer of water against a smooth structure mimicking the shape of a breaking wave.

    Because of the velocity of the 3️⃣ rushing water, the wave and the surfer can remain stationary while the water rushes by under the surfboard.

    Artificial waves of 3️⃣ this kind provide the opportunity to try surfing and learn its basics in a moderately small and controlled environment near 3️⃣ or far from locations with natural surf.

    Maneuvers [ edit ]

    A surfer going for the tube

    Catching waves at a surfing contest 3️⃣ on the North Shore of Oahu, Hawaii

    Standup surfing begins when the surfer paddles toward shore in an attempt to match 3️⃣ the speed of the wave (the same applies whether the surfer is standup paddling, bodysurfing, boogie-boarding or using some other 3️⃣ type of watercraft, such as a waveski or kayak).

    Once the wave begins to carry the surfer forward, the surfer stands 3️⃣ up and proceeds to ride the wave.

    The basic idea is to position the surfboard so it is just ahead of 3️⃣ the breaking part (whitewash) of the wave, in the so-called 'pocket'.

    It is difficult for beginners to catch the wave at 3️⃣ all.

    Surfers' skills are tested by their ability to control their board in difficult conditions, riding challenging waves, and executing maneuvers 3️⃣ such as strong turns and cutbacks (turning board back to the breaking wave) and carving (a series of strong back-to-back 3️⃣ maneuvers).

    More advanced skills include the floater (riding on top of the breaking curl of the wave), and off the lip 3️⃣ (banking off crest of the breaking wave).

    A newer addition to surfing is the progression of the air, whereby a surfer 3️⃣ propels off the wave entirely up into the air and then successfully lands the board back on the wave.

    The tube 3️⃣ ride is considered to be the ultimate maneuver in surfing.

    As a wave breaks, if the conditions are ideal, the wave 3️⃣ will break in an orderly line from the middle to the shoulder, enabling the experienced surfer to position themselves inside 3️⃣ the wave as it is breaking.

    This is known as a tube ride.

    Viewed from the shore, the tube rider may disappear 3️⃣ from view as the wave breaks over the rider's head.

    The longer the surfer remains in the tube, the more successful 3️⃣ the ride.

    This is referred to as getting tubed, barrelled, shacked or pitted.

    Some of the world's best-known waves for tube riding 3️⃣ include Pipeline on the North Shore of Oahu, Teahupoo in Tahiti and G-Land in Java.

    Other names for the tube include 3️⃣ "the barrel", and "the pit".

    Hanging ten and hanging five are moves usually specific to longboarding.

    Hanging Ten refers to having both 3️⃣ feet on the front end of the board with all of the surfer's toes off the edge, also known as 3️⃣ nose-riding.

    Hanging Five is having just one foot near the front, with five toes off the edge.

    Cutback: Generating speed down the 3️⃣ line and then turning back to reverse direction.

    Snap: Quickly turning along the face or top of the wave, almost as 3️⃣ if snapping the board back towards the wave.

    Typically done on steeper waves.

    Blowtail: Pushing the tail of the board out of 3️⃣ the back of the wave so that the fins leave the water.

    Floater: Suspending the board atop the wave.

    Very popular on 3️⃣ small waves.

    Top-Turn: Turn off the top of the wave.

    Sometimes used to generate speed and sometimes to shoot spray.

    Bottom Turn: A 3️⃣ turn at the bottom or mid-face of the wave, this maneuver is used to set up other maneuvers such as 3️⃣ the top turn, cutback and even aerials.

    Airs/Aerials: These maneuvers have been becoming more and more prevalent in the sport in 3️⃣ both competition and free surfing.

    An air is when the surfer can achieve enough speed and approach a certain type of 3️⃣ section of a wave that is supposed to act as a ramp and launch the surfer above the lip line 3️⃣ of the wave, "catching air", and landing either in the transition of the wave or the whitewash when hitting a 3️⃣ close-out section.

    Airs can either be straight airs or rotational airs.

    Straight airs have minimal rotation if any, but definitely no more 3️⃣ rotation than 90 degrees.

    Rotational airs require a rotation of 90 degrees or more depending on the level of the surfer.

    Types 3️⃣ of rotations:

    180 degrees – called an air reverse, this is when the surfer spins enough to land backwards, then reverts 3️⃣ to their original positional with the help of the fins.

    This rotation can either be done frontside or backside and can 3️⃣ spin right or left.

    360 degrees – this is a full rotation air or "full rotor" where the surfer lands where 3️⃣ they started or more, as long as they do not land backwards.

    When this is achieved front side on a wave 3️⃣ spinning the opposite of an air reverse is called an alley-oop.

    540 degrees – the surfer does a full rotation plus 3️⃣ another 180 degrees and can be inverted or spinning straight, few surfers have been able to land this air.

    Backflip – 3️⃣ usually done with a double grab, this hard to land air is made for elite-level surfers.

    Rodeo flip – usually done 3️⃣ backside, it is a backflip with a 180 rotation, and is actually easier than a straight backflip.

    Grabs – a surfer 3️⃣ can help land an aerial maneuver by grabbing the surfboard, keeping them attached to the board and keeping the board 3️⃣ under their feet.

    Common types of grabs include: Indy – a grab on the surfers inside rail going frontside, outside rail 3️⃣ going backside with their backhand.

    Slob – a grab on the surfers inside rail going frontside, outside rail going backside with 3️⃣ their front hand.

    Lien – A grab on the surfers outside rail frontside, inside rail going backside with their front hand.

    Stalefish 3️⃣ – A grab on the surfers outside rail frontside, inside rail backside with their backhand.

    Double grab – A grab on 3️⃣ the surfers inside and outside rail, the inside rail with the backhand and the outside rail with the front hand.

    Terms 3️⃣ [ edit ]

    The Glossary of surfing includes some of the extensive vocabulary used to describe various aspects of the sport 3️⃣ of surfing as described in literature on the subject.

    [31][32] In some cases terms have spread to a wider cultural use.

    These 3️⃣ terms were originally coined by people who were directly involved in the sport of surfing.

    Learning [ edit ]Learning to surf

    Many 3️⃣ popular surfing destinations have surf schools and surf camps that offer lessons.

    Surf camps for beginners and intermediates are multi-day lessons 3️⃣ that focus on surfing fundamentals.

    They are designed to take new surfers and help them become proficient riders.

    All-inclusive surf camps offer 3️⃣ overnight accommodations, meals, lessons and surfboards.

    Most surf lessons begin with instruction and a safety briefing on land, followed by instructors 3️⃣ helping students into waves on longboards or "softboards".

    The softboard is considered the ideal surfboard for learning, due to the fact 3️⃣ it is safer, and has more paddling speed and stability than shorter boards.

    Funboards are also a popular shape for beginners 3️⃣ as they combine the volume and stability of the longboard with the manageable size of a smaller surfboard.

    [33] New and 3️⃣ inexperienced surfers typically learn to catch waves on softboards around the 210 to 240 cm (7 to 8 ft) funboard 3️⃣ size.

    Due to the softness of the surfboard the chance of getting injured is substantially minimized.

    Typical surfing instruction is best-performed one-on-one, 3️⃣ but can also be done in a group setting.

    The most popular surf locations offer perfect surfing conditions for beginners, as 3️⃣ well as challenging breaks for advanced students.

    The ideal conditions for learning would be small waves that crumble and break softly, 3️⃣ as opposed to the steep, fast-peeling waves desired by more experienced surfers.

    When available, a sandy seabed is generally safer.

    Surfing can 3️⃣ be broken into several skills: paddling strength, positioning to catch the wave, timing, and balance.

    Paddling out requires strength, but also 3️⃣ the mastery of techniques to break through oncoming waves (duck diving, eskimo roll also known as turtle).

    Take-off positioning requires experience 3️⃣ at predicting the wave set and where it will break.

    The surfer must pop up quickly as soon as the wave 3️⃣ starts pushing the board forward.

    Preferred positioning on the wave is determined by experience at reading wave features including where the 3️⃣ wave is breaking.

    [34] Balance plays a crucial role in standing on a surfboard.

    Thus, balance training exercises are good preparation.

    Practicing with 3️⃣ a balance board, longboard (skateboard) or swing board helps novices master the art of surfing.[35]

    The repetitive cycle of paddling, popping 3️⃣ up, and balancing requires stamina and physical strength.

    Having a proper warm-up routine can help prevent injuries.

    [36]Equipment [ edit ]Waxing a 3️⃣ surfboard

    Surfing can be done on various equipment, including surfboards, longboards, stand up paddle boards (SUPs), bodyboards, wave skis, skimboards, kneeboards, 3️⃣ surf mats and macca's trays.

    Surfboards were originally made of solid wood and were large and heavy (often up to 370 3️⃣ cm (12 ft) long and having a mass of 70 kg (150 lb)).

    Lighter balsa wood surfboards (first made in the 3️⃣ late 1940s and early 1950s) were a significant improvement, not only in portability, but also in increasing maneuverability.

    Most modern surfboards 3️⃣ are made of fiberglass foam (PU), with one or more wooden strips or "stringers", fiberglass cloth, and polyester resin (PE).

    An 3️⃣ emerging board material is epoxy resin and Expanded Polystyrene foam (EPS) which is stronger and lighter than traditional PU/PE construction.

    Even 3️⃣ newer designs incorporate materials such as carbon fiber and variable-flex composites in conjunction with fiberglass and epoxy or polyester resins.

    Since 3️⃣ epoxy/EPS surfboards are generally lighter, they will float better than a traditional PU/PE board of similar size, shape and thickness.

    This 3️⃣ makes them easier to paddle and faster in the water.

    However, a common complaint of EPS boards is that they do 3️⃣ not provide as much feedback as a traditional PU/PE board.

    For this reason, many advanced surfers prefer that their surfboards be 3️⃣ made from traditional materials.

    Other equipment includes a leash (to stop the board from drifting away after a wipeout and to 3️⃣ prevent it from hitting other surfers), surf wax, traction pads (to keep a surfer's feet from slipping off the deck 3️⃣ of the board), and fins (also known as skegs) which can either be permanently attached (glassed-on) or interchangeable.

    Sportswear designed or 3️⃣ particularly suitable for surfing may be sold as boardwear (the term is also used in snowboarding).

    In warmer climates, swimsuits, surf 3️⃣ trunks or boardshorts are worn, and occasionally rash guards; in cold water, surfers can opt to wear wetsuits, boots, hoods, 3️⃣ and gloves to protect them against lower water temperatures.

    [37] A newer introduction is a rash vest with a thin layer 3️⃣ of titanium to provide maximum warmth without compromising mobility.

    [clarification needed] In recent years, there have been advancements in technology that 3️⃣ have allowed surfers to pursue even bigger waves with added elements of safety.

    Big wave surfers are now experimenting with inflatable 3️⃣ vests or colored dye packs to help decrease their odds of drowning.[38]

    A variety of surfboards

    There are many different surfboard sizes, 3️⃣ shapes, and designs in use today.

    Modern longboards, generally 270 to 300 cm (9 to 10 ft) in length, are reminiscent 3️⃣ of the earliest surfboards, but now benefit from modern innovations in surfboard shaping and fin design.

    Competitive longboard surfers need to 3️⃣ be competent at traditional walking manoeuvres, as well as the short-radius turns normally associated with shortboard surfing.

    The modern shortboard began 3️⃣ life in the late 1960s and has evolved into today's common thruster style, defined by its three fins, usually around 3️⃣ 180 to 210 cm (6 to 7 ft) in length.

    The thruster was invented by Australian shaper Simon Anderson.

    Midsize boards, often 3️⃣ called funboards, provide more maneuverability than a longboard, with more flotation than a shortboard.

    While many surfers find that funboards live 3️⃣ up to their name, providing the best of both surfing modes, others are critical.

    "It is the happy medium of mediocrity," 3️⃣ writes Steven Kotler.

    "Funboard riders either have nothing left to prove or lack the skills to prove anything."[39]

    There are also various 3️⃣ niche styles, such as the Egg, a longboard-style short board targeted at people who want to ride a shortboard but 3️⃣ need more paddle power.

    The Fish, a board that is typically shorter, flatter, and wider than a normal shortboard, often with 3️⃣ a split tail (known as a swallow tail).

    The Fish often has two or four fins and is specifically designed for 3️⃣ surfing smaller waves.

    For big waves, there is the Gun, a long, thick board with a pointed nose and tail (known 3️⃣ as a pintail) specifically designed for big waves.

    The physics of surfing [ edit ]

    The physics of surfing involves the physical 3️⃣ oceanographic properties of wave creation in the surf zone, the characteristics of the surfboard, and the surfer's interaction with the 3️⃣ water and the board.

    Wave formation [ edit ]

    Ocean waves are defined as a collection of dislocated water parcels that undergo 3️⃣ a cycle of being forced past their normal position and being restored back to their normal position.

    [40] Wind causes ripples 3️⃣ and eddies to form waves that gradually gain speed and distance (fetch).

    Waves increase in energy and speed and then become 3️⃣ longer and stronger.

    [41] The fully-developed sea has the strongest wave action that experiences storms lasting 10-hours and creates 15 m 3️⃣ (49.

    2 ft) wave heights in the open ocean.[40]

    The waves created in the open ocean are classified as deep-water waves.

    Deep-water waves 3️⃣ have no bottom interaction and the orbits of these water molecules are circular; their wavelength is short relative to water 3️⃣ depth and the velocity decays before reaching the bottom of the water basin.

    [40] Deep water waves are waves in water 3️⃣ depths greater than half their wavelengths.

    [citation needed] Wind forces waves to break in the deep sea.

    [clarification needed]

    Deep-water waves travel to 3️⃣ shore and become shallow-water waves when the water depth is less than half of their wavelength, and the wave motion 3️⃣ becomes constrained by the bottom, causing the orbit paths to be flattened to ellipses.

    The bottom exerts a frictional drag on 3️⃣ the bottom of the wave, which decreases the celerity (or the speed of the waveform), and causes refraction.

    Slowing the wave 3️⃣ forces it to shorten which increases the height and steepness, and the top (crest) falls because the velocity of the 3️⃣ top of the wave becomes greater than the velocity of the bottom of the wave where the drag occurs.[40]

    The surf 3️⃣ zone is the place of convergence of multiple waves types creating complex wave patterns.

    A wave suitable for surfing results from 3️⃣ maximum speeds of 5 metres per second (16 ft/s).

    This speed is relative because local onshore winds can cause waves to 3️⃣ break.

    [41] In the surf zone, shallow water waves are carried by global winds to the beach and interact with local 3️⃣ winds to make surfing waves.[41][42]

    Different onshore and off-shore wind patterns in the surf zone create different types of waves.

    Onshore winds 3️⃣ cause random wave breaking patterns and are more suitable for experienced surfers.

    [41][42] Light offshore winds create smoother waves, while strong 3️⃣ direct offshore winds cause plunging or large barrel waves.

    [41] Barrel waves are large because the water depth is small when 3️⃣ the wave breaks.

    Thus, the breaker intensity (or force) increases, and the wave speed and height increase.

    [41] Off-shore winds produce non-surfable 3️⃣ conditions by flattening a weak swell.

    Weak swell is made from surface gravity forces and has long wavelengths.[41][43]

    Wave conditions for surfing 3️⃣ [ edit ]

    Surfing waves can be analyzed using the following parameters: breaking wave height, wave peel angle (α), wave breaking 3️⃣ intensity, and wave section length.

    The breaking wave height has two measurements, the relative heights estimated by surfers and the exact 3️⃣ measurements done by physical oceanographers.

    Measurements done by surfers were 1.36 to 2.

    58 times higher than the measurements done by scientists.

    The 3️⃣ scientifically concluded wave heights that are physically possible to surf are 1 to 20 m (3.3 to 66 ft).[41]

    The wave 3️⃣ peel angle is one of the main constituents of a potential surfing wave.

    Wave peel angle measures the distance between the 3️⃣ peel-line and the line tangent to the breaking crest line.

    This angle controls the speed of the wave crest.

    The speed of 3️⃣ the wave is an addition of the propagation velocity vector (Vw) and peel velocity vector (Vp), which results in the 3️⃣ overall velocity of the wave (Vs).[41]

    Wave breaking intensity measures the force of the wave as it breaks, spills, or plunges 3️⃣ (a plunging wave is termed by surfers as a "barrel wave").

    Wave section length is the distance between two breaking crests 3️⃣ in a wave set.

    Wave section length can be hard to measure because local winds, non-linear wave interactions, island sheltering, and 3️⃣ swell interactions can cause multifarious wave configurations in the surf zone.[41]

    The parameters breaking wave height, wave peel angle (α), and 3️⃣ wave breaking intensity, and wave section length are important because they are standardized by past oceanographers who researched surfing; these 3️⃣ parameters have been used to create a guide that matches the type of wave formed and the skill level of 3️⃣ surfer.[41]

    Table 1 shows a relationship of smaller peel angles correlating with a higher skill level of the surfer.

    Smaller wave peel 3️⃣ angles increase the velocities of waves.

    A surfer must know how to react and paddle quickly to match the speed of 3️⃣ the wave to catch it.

    Therefore, more experience is required to catch low peel angle waves.

    More experienced surfers can handle longer 3️⃣ section lengths, increased velocities, and higher wave heights.

    [41] Different locations offer different types of surfing conditions for each skill level.

    Surf 3️⃣ breaks [ edit ]

    A surf break is an area with an obstruction or an object that causes a wave to 3️⃣ break.

    Surf breaks entail multiple scale phenomena.

    Wave section creation has microscale factors of peel angle and wave breaking intensity.

    The micro-scale components 3️⃣ influence wave height and variations on wave crests.

    The mesoscale components of surf breaks are the ramp, platform, wedge, or ledge 3️⃣ that may be present at a surf break.

    Macro-scale processes are the global winds that initially produce offshore waves.

    Types of surf 3️⃣ breaks are headlands (point break), beach break, river/estuary entrance bar, reef breaks, and ledge breaks.[41]

    Headland (point break) [ edit ]

    A 3️⃣ headland or point break interacts with the water by causing refraction around the point or headland.

    The point absorbs the high-frequency 3️⃣ waves and long-period waves persist, which are easier to surf.

    Examples of locations that have headland or point break-induced surf breaks 3️⃣ are Dunedin (New Zealand), Raglan (New Zealand), Malibu (California), Rincon (California), and Kirra (Australia).[41]

    Beach break [ edit ]

    A beach break 3️⃣ is an area of open coastline where the waves break over a sand-bottom.

    They are the most common, yet also the 3️⃣ most volatile of surf breaks.

    Wave breaks happen successively at beach breaks, as in there are multiple peaks to surf at 3️⃣ a single beach break location.

    Example locations are Tairua and Aramoana Beach (New Zealand) and the Gold Coast (Australia).[41]

    A group of 3️⃣ surfers surfing a beach break in Juno Beach, Florida.

    River or estuary entrance bar [ edit ]

    A river or estuary entrance 3️⃣ bar creates waves from the ebb-tidal delta, sediment outflow, and tidal currents.

    An ideal estuary entrance bar exists in Whangamata Bar, 3️⃣ New Zealand.

    [41]Reef break [ edit ]

    A reef break is conducive to surfing because large waves consistently break over the reef.

    The 3️⃣ reef is usually made of coral, and because of this, many injuries occur while surfing reef breaks.

    However, the waves that 3️⃣ are produced by reef breaks are some of the best in the world.

    Famous reef breaks are present in Padang Padang 3️⃣ (Indonesia), Pipeline (Hawaii), Uluwatu (Bali), and Teahupo'o (Tahiti).[41][44]

    Ledge break [ edit ]

    A ledge break is formed by steep rocks ledges 3️⃣ that make intense waves because the waves travel through deeper water then abruptly reach shallower water at the ledge.

    Shark Island, 3️⃣ Australia is a location with a ledge break.

    Ledge breaks create difficult surfing conditions, sometimes only allowing body surfing as the 3️⃣ only feasible way to confront the waves.[41]

    Jetties and their impacts on wave formation in the surf zone [ edit ]

    Jetties 3️⃣ are added to bodies of water to regulate erosion, preserve navigation channels, and make harbors.

    Jetties are classified into four different 3️⃣ types and have two main controlling variables: the type of delta[clarification needed] and the size of the jetty.[45]

    Type 1 jetty 3️⃣ [ edit ]

    The first classification is a type 1 jetty.

    This type of jetty is significantly longer than the surf zone 3️⃣ width and the waves break at the shore end of the jetty.

    The effect of a Type 1 jetty is sediment 3️⃣ accumulation in a wedge formation on the jetty.

    These waves are large and increase in size as they pass over the 3️⃣ sediment wedge formation.

    An example of a Type 1 jetty is Mission Beach, San Diego, California.

    This 1000-meter jetty was installed in 3️⃣ 1950 at the mouth of Mission Bay.

    The surf waves happen north of the jetty, are longer waves, and are powerful.

    The 3️⃣ bathymetry of the sea bottom in Mission Bay has a wedge shape formation that causes the waves to refract as 3️⃣ they become closer to the jetty.

    [45] The waves converge constructively after they refract and increase the sizes of the waves.

    Type 3️⃣ 2 jetty [ edit ]

    A type 2 jetty occurs in an ebb-tidal delta, a delta transitioning between high and low 3️⃣ tide.

    This area has shallow water, refraction, and distinctive seabed shapes that create large wave heights.[45]

    An example of a type 2 3️⃣ jetty is called "The Poles" in Atlantic Beach, Florida.

    Atlantic Beach is known to have flat waves, with exceptions during major 3️⃣ storms.

    However, "The Poles" has larger than normal waves due to a 500-meter jetty that was installed on the south side 3️⃣ of St.Johns.

    This jetty was built to make a deep channel in the river.

    It formed a delta at "The Poles".

    This is 3️⃣ a special area because the jetty increases wave size for surfing when comparing pre-conditions and post-conditions of the southern St.

    Johns 3️⃣ River mouth area.[45]

    The wave size at "The Poles" depends on the direction of the incoming water.

    When easterly waters (from 55°) 3️⃣ interact with the jetty, they create waves larger than southern waters (from 100°).

    When southern waves (from 100°) move toward "The 3️⃣ Poles", one of the waves breaks north of the southern jetty and the other breaks south of the jetty.

    This does 3️⃣ not allow for merging to make larger waves.

    Easterly waves, from 55°, converge north of the jetty and unite to make 3️⃣ bigger waves.[45]

    Type 3 jetty [ edit ]

    A type 3 jetty is in an ebb-tidal area with an unchanging seabed that 3️⃣ has naturally created waves.

    Examples of a Type 3 jetty occurs in "Southside" Tamarack, Carlsbad, California.[45]

    Type 4 jetty [ edit ]

    A 3️⃣ type 4 jetty is one that no longer functions nor traps sediment.

    The waves are created from reefs in the surf 3️⃣ zone.

    A type 4 jetty can be found in Tamarack, Carlsbad, California.[45]

    Rip currents [ edit ]

    Rip currents are fast, narrow currents 3️⃣ that are caused by onshore transport within the surf zone and the successive return of the water seaward.

    [46][47] The wedge 3️⃣ bathymetry makes a convenient and consistent rip current of 5–10 meters that brings the surfers to the "take-off point" then 3️⃣ out to the beach.[45]

    Oceanographers have two theories on rip current formation.

    The wave interaction model assumes that two edges of waves 3️⃣ interact, create differing wave heights, and cause longshore transport of nearshore currents.

    The Boundary Interaction Model assumes that the topography of 3️⃣ the sea bottom causes nearshore circulation and longshore transport; the result of both models is a rip current.[46]

    Rip currents can 3️⃣ be extremely strong and narrow as they extend out of the surf zone into deeper water, reaching speeds from 0.5 3️⃣ m/s (1.

    6 ft/s) and up to 2.5 m/s (8.

    2 ft/s),[47][48] which is faster than any human can swim.

    The water in 3️⃣ the jet is sediment rich, bubble rich, and moves rapidly.

    [47] The rip head of the rip current has long shore 3️⃣ movement.

    Rip currents are common on beaches with mild slopes that experience sizeable and frequent oceanic swell.[48]

    On the surfboard [ edit 3️⃣ ]

    A longer surfboard of 300 cm (10 ft) causes more friction with the water; therefore, it will be slower than 3️⃣ a smaller and lighter board with a length of 180 cm (6 ft).

    Longer boards are good for beginners who need 3️⃣ help balancing.

    Smaller boards are good for more experienced surfers who want to have more control and maneuverability.[43]

    When practicing the sport 3️⃣ of surfing, the surfer paddles out past the wave break to wait for a wave.

    When a surfable wave arrives, the 3️⃣ surfer must paddle extremely fast to match the velocity of the wave so the wave can accelerate him or her.[43]

    When 3️⃣ the surfer is at wave speed, the surfer must quickly pop up, stay low, and stay toward the front of 3️⃣ the wave to become stable and prevent falling as the wave steepens.

    The acceleration is less toward the front than toward 3️⃣ the back.

    The physics behind the surfing of the wave involves the horizontal acceleration force (F.

    sinθ) and the vertical force (F.

    cosθ=mg).

    Therefore, 3️⃣ the surfer should lean forward to gain speed, and lean on the back foot to brake.

    Also, to increase the length 3️⃣ of the ride of the wave, the surfer should travel parallel to the wave crest.

    [43]Dangers [ edit ]Drowning [ edit 3️⃣ ]

    Surfing, like all water sports, carries the inherent risk of drowning.

    [49] Although the board assists a surfer in staying buoyant, 3️⃣ it can become separated from the user.

    [50] A leash, attached to the ankle or knee, can keep a board from 3️⃣ being swept away, but does not keep a rider on the board or above water.

    In some cases, possibly including the 3️⃣ drowning of professional surfer Mark Foo, a leash can even be a cause of drowning by snagging on a reef 3️⃣ or other object and holding the surfer underwater.

    [51] By keeping the surfboard close to the surfer during a wipeout, a 3️⃣ leash also increases the chances that the board may strike the rider, which could knock them unconscious and lead to 3️⃣ drowning.

    A fallen rider's board can become trapped in larger waves, and if the rider is attached by a leash, they 3️⃣ can be dragged for long distances underwater.

    [51] Surfers should be careful to remain in smaller surf until they have acquired 3️⃣ the advanced skills and experience necessary to handle bigger waves and more challenging conditions.

    However, even world-class surfers have drowned in 3️⃣ extremely challenging conditions.

    [52]Collisions [ edit ]

    A surfer exiting a closeout

    Under the wrong set of conditions, anything that a surfer's body 3️⃣ can come in contact with is a potential hazard, including sand bars, rocks, small ice, reefs, surfboards, and other surfers.

    [53] 3️⃣ Collisions with these objects can sometimes cause injuries such as cuts and scrapes and in rare instances, death.

    A large number 3️⃣ of injuries, up to 66%,[54] are caused by collision with a surfboard (nose or fins).

    Fins can cause deep lacerations and 3️⃣ cuts,[55] as well as bruising.

    While these injuries can be minor, they can open the skin to infection from the sea; 3️⃣ groups like Surfers Against Sewage campaign for cleaner waters to reduce the risk of infections.

    Local bugs and diseases can be 3️⃣ risk factors when surfing around the globe.[56]

    Falling off a surfboard or colliding with others is commonly referred to as a 3️⃣ wipeout.

    Marine life [ edit ]

    Sea life can sometimes cause injuries (Bethany Hamilton) and even fatalities.

    Animals such as sharks,[57] stingrays, Weever 3️⃣ fish, seals and jellyfish can sometimes present a danger.

    [58] Warmer-water surfers often do the "stingray shuffle" as they walk out 3️⃣ through the shallows, shuffling their feet in the sand to scare away stingrays that may be resting on the bottom.[59]

    Rip 3️⃣ currents [ edit ]

    Rip current warning sign

    Rip currents are water channels that flow away from the shore.

    Under the wrong circumstances 3️⃣ these currents can endanger both experienced and inexperienced surfers.

    Since a rip current appears to be an area of flat water, 3️⃣ tired or inexperienced swimmers or surfers may enter one and be carried out beyond the breaking waves.

    Although many rip currents 3️⃣ are much smaller, the largest rip currents have a width of 12–15 m (40–50 ft).

    The flow of water moving out 3️⃣ towards the sea in a rip will be stronger than most swimmers, making swimming back to shore difficult, however, by 3️⃣ paddling parallel to the shore, a surfer can easily exit a rip current.

    Alternatively, some surfers actually ride on a rip 3️⃣ current because it is a fast and effortless way to get out beyond the zone of breaking waves.[60]Seabed [ edit 3️⃣ ]

    The seabed can pose a risk for surfers.

    If a surfer falls while riding a wave, the wave tosses and tumbles 3️⃣ the surfer around, often in a downwards direction.

    At reef breaks and beach breaks, surfers have been seriously injured and even 3️⃣ killed, because of a violent collision with the sea bed, the water above which can sometimes be very shallow, especially 3️⃣ at beach breaks or reef breaks during low tide.

    Cyclops, Western Australia, for example, is one of the biggest and thickest 3️⃣ reef breaks in the world, with waves measuring up to 10 m (33 ft) high, but the reef below is 3️⃣ only about 2 m (7 ft) below the surface of the water.

    Microorganisms [ edit ]

    A January 2018 study by the 3️⃣ University of Exeter called the "Beach Bum Survey" found surfers and bodyboarders to be three times as likely as non-surfers 3️⃣ to harbor antibiotic-resistant E.

    coli and four times as likely to harbor other bacteria capable of easily becoming antibiotic resistant.

    The researchers 3️⃣ attributed this to the fact that surfers swallow roughly ten times as much seawater as swimmers.

    [61][62]Ear damage [ edit ]

    Man 3️⃣ wearing protective ear plugs

    Surfers sometimes use ear protection such as ear plugs to avoid surfer's ear, inflammation of the ear 3️⃣ or other damage.

    Surfer's ear is where the bone near the ear canal grows after repeated exposure to cold water, making 3️⃣ the ear canal narrower.

    The narrowed canal makes it harder for water to drain from the ear.

    This can result in pain, 3️⃣ infection and sometimes ringing of the ear.

    Ear plugs designed for surfers, swimmers and other water athletes are primarily made to 3️⃣ keep water out of the ear, thereby letting a protective pocket of air stay inside the ear canal.

    They can also 3️⃣ block cold air, dirt and bacteria.

    Many designs are made to let sound through, and either float and/or have a leash 3️⃣ in case the plug accidentally gets bumped out.

    Surf Rash [ edit ]

    Surf rash appears in many different ways on the 3️⃣ skin, commonly as a painful red bumpy patch located on the surfer's chest or inner legs.

    A rash guard will lessen 3️⃣ the incidence of surf rash caused by abrasion or sunburn.

    Healing ointments such as petroleum jelly can be used to treat 3️⃣ irritated skin.[63]

    Spinal cord [ edit ]

    Surfer's myelopathy is a rare spinal cord injury causing paralysis of the lower extremities, caused 3️⃣ by hyperextension of the back.

    This is due to one of the main blood vessels of the spine becoming kinked, depriving 3️⃣ the spinal cord of oxygen.

    In some cases the paralysis is permanent.

    Although any activity where the back is arched can cause 3️⃣ this condition (i.e.yoga, pilates, etc.

    ), this rare phenomenon has most often been seen in those surfing for the first time.

    According 3️⃣ to DPT Sergio Florian, some recommendations for preventing myelopathy is proper warm up, limiting the session length and sitting on 3️⃣ the board while waiting for waves, rather than lying.[64]

    Surfers and surf culture [ edit ]

    Surfers represent a diverse culture based 3️⃣ on riding the waves.

    Some people practice surfing as a recreational activity, while others make it the central focus of their 3️⃣ lives.

    Surfing culture in the US is most dominant in Hawaii and California, because these two states offer the best surfing 3️⃣ conditions.

    However, waves can be found wherever there is coastline, and a tight-knit yet far-reaching subculture of surfers has emerged throughout 3️⃣ America.

    Some historical markers of the culture included the woodie, the station wagon used to carry surfers' boards, as well as 3️⃣ boardshorts, the long swim shorts typically worn while surfing.

    Surfers also wear wetsuits in colder regions and when the seasons cool 3️⃣ the air and water.

    During the 1960s, as surfing caught on in California, its popularity spread through American pop culture.

    Several teen 3️⃣ movies, starting with the Gidget series in 1959, transformed surfing into a dream life for American youth.

    Later movies, including Beach 3️⃣ Party (1963), Ride the Wild Surf (1964), and Beach Blanket Bingo (1965) promoted the California dream of sun and surf.

    Surf 3️⃣ culture also fueled the early records of the Beach Boys.

    The sport is also a significant part of Australia's eastern coast 3️⃣ sub-cultural life,[65] especially in New South Wales, where the weather and water conditions are most favourable for surfing.

    The sport of 3️⃣ surfing now represents a multibillion-dollar industry, especially in clothing and fashion markets.

    Founded in 1964, the International Surfing Association (ISA) is 3️⃣ the oldest foundation associated with surfing formed to better improve surfing and recognized by the International Olympic Committee as the 3️⃣ leading authority on surfing.

    National and international surf competitions began in 1964.

    In addition, The World Surf League (WSL) was established in 3️⃣ 1976 and promotes various championship tours, hosting top competitors in some of the best surf spots around the globe.

    A small 3️⃣ number of people make a career out of surfing by receiving corporate sponsorships and performing for photographers and videographers in 3️⃣ far-flung destinations; they are typically referred to as freesurfers.

    Sixty-six surfers on a 13 m (42 ft) long surfboard set a 3️⃣ record in Huntington Beach, California for most people on a surfboard at one time.

    [citation needed] Dale Webster consecutively surfed for 3️⃣ 14,641 days, making it his main life focus.[citation needed]

    When the waves were flat, surfers persevered with sidewalk surfing, which is 3️⃣ now called skateboarding.

    Sidewalk surfing has a similar feel to surfing and requires only a paved road or sidewalk.

    To create the 3️⃣ feel of the wave, surfers even sneaked into empty backyard swimming pools to ride in, known as pool skating.

    Eventually, surfing 3️⃣ made its way to the slopes with the invention of the Snurfer, later credited as the first snowboard.

    Many other board 3️⃣ sports have been invented over the years, but all can trace their heritage back to surfing.[citation needed]

    Many surfers claim to 3️⃣ have a spiritual connection with the ocean, describing surfing, the surfing experience, both in and out of the water, as 3️⃣ a type of spiritual experience or a religion.

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